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Abstract
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap sejarah, terminologi, distingsi, perspektif dan macam-macam mazhab teologi dalam islam yang awal munculnya teologi Islam ini tidak terlepas dari permasalahan politik yang akhirnya terus berkelanjutan kepada permasalahan yang sesungguhnya yaitu bercorak agama. Dalam penelitian ini diterapkan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode kajian literatur (literature research). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa munculnya teologi Islam pada awalnya dipengaruhi oleh permasalahan politik yang kemudian berlanjut menjadi permasalahan agama. Hal ini menjadi topik yang rumit dalam teologi Islam. Aliran teologi Islam muncul sebagai reaksi terhadap perpecahan politik umat Islam yang dikenal sebagai "al-fitnah al-kubra". sehingga terjadilah berbagai pandangan yang bisa kita sebut perbedaan mazhab teologi dalam islam di antaranya madzhab Mu'tazilah, Asy'ariah, dan Maturidiah. Topik yang telah dibahas meliputi sifat Tuhan, kekuasaan dan kehendak mutlak Tuhan, takdir dan kebebasan manusia, serta konsep iman. Pendapat dari ketiga madzhab ini sudah dijelaskan oleh peneliti.
The aim of this research is to reveal the history, terminology, distinctions, perspectives and various schools of theology in Islam. The initial emergence of Islamic theology was inseparable from political problems which ultimately continued to lead to real problems, namely religious ones. In this research, a qualitative approach and literature study methods were applied. The results of this research are that the emergence of Islamic theology was initially influenced by political problems which then continued to become religious problems. This is a complicated topic in Islamic theology. The flow of Islamic theology emerged as a reaction to the political division of Muslims known as "al-fitnah al-kubra". So there are various views that we can call different schools of theology in Islam, including the Mu'tazilah, Asy'ariah, and Maturidiah schools. Topics that have been discussed include the nature of God, God's absolute power and will, human destiny and freedom, and the concept of faith. The opinions of these three schools of thought have been explained by researchers.
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